Essential Guides
Ten guides to the Age of Enlightenment: its history, thinkers, philosophy, science, religion, and lasting legacy.
- Guide
The Enlightenment
An overview of the Enlightenment, the 18th-century intellectual movement that reshaped philosophy, politics, and science.
- Guide
Key Thinkers of the Enlightenment
An in-depth guide to the major philosophers, writers, and scientists of the Enlightenment, and their lasting contributions.
- Guide
The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment
The relationship between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, from Copernicus and Newton to modern science.
- Guide
Enlightenment Political Philosophy
Enlightenment political philosophy: social contract theory, separation of powers, natural rights, and the revolutions they inspired.
- Guide
Religion and the Enlightenment
The relationship between religion and the Enlightenment, including deism, toleration, biblical criticism, and the rise of secularism.
- Guide
The Enlightenment and the Americas
The Enlightenment's influence in the Americas, from the American Revolution to Latin American independence movements.
- Guide
The Enlightenment in France
The French Enlightenment: the great philosophes, the Encyclopédie project, the salons, and the origins of the French Revolution.
- Guide
The Enlightenment in Britain
The British and Scottish Enlightenment: the great philosophers of liberty, the rise of empiricism, and its lasting influence.
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The Enlightenment in Germany and the Nordic Countries
The German Aufklärung and Nordic Enlightenment: Kant, Lessing, Mendelssohn, German Idealism, and the cultural transformation of the North.
- Guide
The Legacy of the Enlightenment in the Modern World
The lasting influence of the Enlightenment on modern politics, science, education, human rights, and contemporary debates.